Islamic caliphate
Caliph Al-Rasyidin or Khulafa'ur Rasyidin is the first four caliphs in the Sunni Islamic tradition, as a substitute Muhammad, seen as a leader who receive guidance and exemplary. They were all close companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, and forwarding their leadership is not based on descent, something that later became characteristic of the Caliphate selanjutnya.Sistem election to each caliph is different, this happens because the companions of the Prophet Muhammad's assume that does not provide clear instructions about his successor, which was rejected by the Shiites. According to Shiites, Muhammad was clearly designate his successor was Ali ibn Abi Talib in accordance with the hadith of Ghadir Khum.
Khulafah Rasyidin
Progress Period of Islam (650-1000 AD) - the Khilafah Rasyidah
Rasyidah Khilafah is the leader of Muslims after the Prophet Muhammad's death, namely in the reign of Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib, Radhiallahu Ta'ala anhu ajma'in where the system of government that is applied is an Islamic government because berundang-legislated by the Qur'an and Sunnah.
Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam did not leave wills over who will replace him sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam as a political leader of Muslims after he sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam passed away. He sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam issue appears to surrender to the Muslims themselves to decide. That's why, shortly after he sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam passed away; not to mention his remains are buried, some immigrants and Ansar leaders gathered at the town hall Bani Sa'idah, Medina. They deliberate on who will be elected as a leader. Deliberation was going pretty tough because each party, both immigrants and the Ansar, both feel entitled to be a leader of Muslims. However, with high spirit ukhuwah Islamiyah, finally, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu elected. Apparently, the religious spirit of Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu got high appreciation from Muslims, so that each party receives and membaiatnya.Sebagai leader of Muslims after the Prophet, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu called Caliph Rasulillah (Substitute the Apostle of Allah), which in the subsequent development Just called the caliphate. Caliph is appointed leader after the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam died to replace him sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam resume duties as a religious leader and head of government.
Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu became caliph only two years. In 634 CE he died. Such a short period out to solve domestic problems, especially the challenges caused by the Arab tribes who do not submit again to the government of Medina after the death of Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam. They assume that the agreements made by the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, by itself canceled after the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam passed away. They therefore opposed Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu. Because of stubbornness and opposition that could jeopardize their religion and government, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu resolve this issue with the so-called Riddah War (the war against apostasy). Khalid ibn Al-Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu was the commander of many instrumental in ini.Nampaknya Riddah War, the powers that run at the time of Caliph Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu, as at the time of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, is central: the legislative, executive and judiciary concentrated in the hands of the caliph. In addition to running the wheels of government, the Caliph also implement the law as stated in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Even so, as well as the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu always invite the friends of the bermusyawarah.Setelah finish the war in domestic affairs, then Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu send power out of Arabia. Khalid ibn Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu sent to Iraq and to control the area of al-Hirah in the year 634 AD To Syria sent an expedition under the leadership of four commanders, Abu Ubaidah Ibn Jarrah, Amr Ibn 'Ash, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Syurahbil Radhiallahu Ta'ala anhu ajma'in. Previously, troops led by Usamah ibn Zaid Radhiallahu 'anhu who were aged 18 years. To reinforce these soldiers, Khalid ibn Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu was ordered to leave Iraq, and through the desert that is rarely served, when he came to Abu Bakr Syria.Pada Radhiallahu' anhu passed away, while the front row of the Islamic forces are threatening the Palestinians, Iraq, and Hirah kingdom. He was replaced by "right hand" her, Umar ibn al-Faruq Khatthab Radhiallahu 'anhu. When Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu pain and felt his end was near, he consulted with the leaders of friends, then lift Umar ibn Khatthab Radhiallahu' anhu as his successor in order to prevent possible disputes and divisions among Muslims. Wisdom of Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu was accepted by the community which soon turned out to be rollicking allegiance Radhiallahu Umar' Abd-Allaah. Radhiallahu Umar 'Abd-Allaah Rasulillah called himself caliph (successor of the Prophet). He also introduced the term Amir al-Mu'minin (high-ranking people who believe). In an age Radhiallahu Umar 'Abd-Allaah wave expansion (expansion of regional power), first place; Syrian capital, Damascus, fell by 635 M and a year later, after defeated the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk, the whole region of Syria fell under Muslim rule. By using Syria as a base, continued expansion into Egypt under the leadership of 'Amr ibn' Ash Radhiallahu 'anhu and to Iraq under the command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqash Radhiallahu' anhu. Alexandria / Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, was conquered in 641 AD Thus, Egypt fell under Muslim rule. Al-Qadisiyah, a town near Hirah in Iraq, fell in the year 637 AD From there proceed to attack the capital of Persia, al-Madain who fell in that year. In the year 641 AD, Moshul can be mastered. Thus, during the leadership of Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu, the Islamic empire already includes the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, large parts of Persia, and Mesir.Karena rapid regional expansion, Umar Radhiallahu' anhu immediately regulate the state administration with the example of administrative has developed mainly in Persia. Arranged into eight administrative provinces region: Makkah, Madinah, Syria, Peninsula Basra, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. Some departments are deemed necessary to set up. In his time began regulated and disciplined system of salary payments and land tax. The court was established in order to separate the judiciary by the executive. To maintain security and order, the police department was formed. Similarly, the public works department. Umar also established the Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and a year hijiah.Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu ruled for ten years (13-23 H/634-644 M). His term ended with the death. He was killed by a Zoroastrian, the slave of the Persian named Abu Lu'lu'ah. To determine his successor, Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu did not take the road that made Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu. He pointed to six friends and asked them to choose one of them became caliph. Six people were Usman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqash, Abdurrahman ibn 'Awf Radhiallahu ajma'in Ta'ala anhu. After Omar Radhiallahu 'anhu died, team deliberation and successfully appointed Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu as caliph, through a rather rigorous process by Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'Uthman's reign Radhiallahu anhu.Di Anhu (644-655 AD), Armenia, Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhodes, and the remaining part of Persia, Transoxania, and Tabaristan been won. The first Islamic expansion stopped at sini.Pemerintahan Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu lasted for 12 years, in the last half of the kekhalifahannya appear dissatisfied and disappointed feelings among the Muslims against him. Leadership Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu was very different from the leadership of Umar Radhiallahu' anhu. This is because of slander and incitement of Abdullah bin Saba 'Al-Yamani, a Jew who pretended to convert to Islam. Ibn Saba 'was fond of moving from one place to another to spread the slander to the new future of the Muslims who become Muslim. Finally, in years 35 H/1655 M, Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu was killed by the rebels that consists of people who successfully instigated by Abdullah bin Saba' was.
One of the factors that cause many people think of the leadership of Uthman berburuk Radhiallahu 'anhu is the discretion raise a family in a high position. The most important of which is to Marwan ibn Hakam Rahimahullah. He is basically regarded by these people who run the government, while Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu only the title of Caliph. After many family members who sit in important positions, Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu like a doll in front of her relatives were. He can not do much and too weak to his family. He also does not expressly subordinate to the error. State property, by relatives to be distributed without controlled by Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu own. It is all due to the slander sown by Abdullah bin Saba '. And Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu the most meritorious to build dams to keep the flow of large floods and regulate the distribution of water to cities. He also built roads, bridges, mosques and expand the mosque of the Prophet in Madinah.Setelah Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu died, rollicking community allegiance Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu' anhu as caliph. Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu reigned only six years old. During his reign, he faced many upheavals. There is no period at all in his administration that can be said to be stable. Having served the caliph, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu to disable the governors who are appointed by Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu. He believes that the revolts occurred because of their negligence. He also pulled back the land awarded Radhiallahu Uthman 'anhu to residents by handing over the results of its revenue to the state, and wearing an annual tax return system of distribution among the Islamic people as never applied Radhiallahu Umar' Abd-Allaah.
Not long after that, Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'anhu faced a revolt Talha, Zubair and Aisha. Their reasons, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu did not want to punish the killers of Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu, and they avenge the blood of Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu that has been shed in zhalim. Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu really wanted to avoid war. He sent a letter to Talha and Zubair Radhiallahu 'anhu ajma'in for both of them want to negotiate to resolve this matter peacefully. But the invitation was rejected. Finally, a fierce battle was raging. This war is known as the War of Jamal (Camel), because Aisha Radhiallahu 'anha in the fighting on camels, and managed to beat his opponent. Zubair and Talha were killed, while Aisha Radhiallahu 'anha taken prisoner and sent back to Medina.
At the same time, policies Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu also resulted in the emergence of resistance from the governors in Damascus, Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu' anhu, who is supported by a number of former high officials who feel lost position and glory. Having succeeded in quelling the rebellion Zubair, Talha and Aisha, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu moved from Kufa to Damascus with a large number of soldiers. His forces met with troops Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu in Shiffin. The fighting occurred here, known by the name of war shiffin. This war ended with tahkim (arbitration), but tahkim did not solve the problem, even causing the third group, al-Khawarij, people are out of line Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu. As a result, at the end of the reign of Ali bin Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'anhu Muslims split into three political forces, namely Mu'awiyah, Shiites (the followers of Abdullah bin Saba' al-jews) that infiltrate the line of soldiers Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu, and al-Khawarij (people who are out of line Ali). This situation is not favorable Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu. The emergence of al-Khawarij group led his army is getting weaker, while the position of Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu stronger. On 20 Ramadan 40 H (660 M), Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu was killed by a member of Abdullah bin Muljam Khawarij.
Position as caliph then occupied by his son al-Hasan bin Ali Radhiallahu 'anhuma for several months. However, because of al-Hasan Radhiallahu 'anhuma want peace and avoid bloodshed, then al-Hasan Radhiallahu' anhuma submit a derived Caliphate to Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu. And finally surrender this power to unite the Muslims back in the political leadership, under Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan Radhiallahu 'anhu. On the other hand, it also causes Mu'awiyah handover Radhiallahu 'anhu became absolute ruler in Islam. Year 41 AH (661 AD), the year of unity, known in history as the year jama'ah ('am jama'ah)! Thus ended the period known as the Khulafa'ur Rasyidin, and began the Umayyad power in the political history of Islam.
When the vast Islamic empire. The expansion into countries that are very far from the center of power in no more than half a century, is a stunning victory of a nation that never before have sufficient political experience. The factors that lead to such rapid expansion include:
1. Islam, as well as a doctrine governing man's relationship with God, religion is also concerned about the formation of society.
2. In the chest the companions, a thick embedded beliefs about the obligations of Islamic teachings calling (da'wah) to the whole world. The missionary spirit that united to form a unity within the Muslim community.
3. Byzantium and Persia, two forces that control the Middle East at the time, began to enter a period of decline and weakness, either because of frequent wars between them and because of the problems in their own countries.
4. Conflicts of religion in the territory of the Byzantine flow resulting in a loss of religious freedom for the people. People are not happy because the party imposing royal dianutnya flow. They are also not happy because of higher taxes for the cost of the war against Persia.
5. Islam came to the areas he had entered with a sympathetic and tolerant attitude, do not force people to change their religion to Islam.
6. Sami peoples in Syria and Palestine and the Hami in Egypt saw the Arabs closer to them than the Europeans, the Byzantines, who ruled them.
7. Egypt, Syria and Iraq is a rich regions. Wealth is helping the Islamic rulers to finance expansion into more remote areas.
Starting from the period of Abu Bakr came to Ali Radhiallahu Exalted anhum ajma'in Rasyidah called Caliphate period. The khalifahnya called al-Khulafa 'al-Rasyidun, (caliphs who receive guidance.) Feature of this period is truly the caliphs of the Prophet according to the model. They were selected through a process of deliberation, that the term is now called democratic. After this period, the Islamic government in the form of the kingdom. Power passed from generation to generation. In addition, a caliph caliphate during Rasyidah, never act alone when countries are facing difficulties; They are always consulted with other dignitaries. While the authoritarian rulers often acted afterward. lillahi wa inna inna ilaihi raaji'uun.
Abu Bakr
Become Caliph
During the Prophet pain just before his death, said that Abu Bakr was appointed to be priests pray to replace, many consider this as an indication that Abu Bakr would take his place. Soon after his death (632), conducted consultation among the leaders of the Ansar and immigrants in Medina, which eventually resulted in the appointment of Abu Bakr as the new leader of the Muslims or the Islamic caliphate.
What happens when deliberation is a source of debate. The appointment of Abu Bakr as caliph is a very controversial subject and a source of the first schism in Islam, where Muslims are divided into Sunnis and Shiites. On one side of the Shiites believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib should (in-law of Prophet Muhammad) which becomes the leader and it is believed this is the decision of the Prophet Muhammad himself while the Sunni argued that the Prophet Muhammad refused to appoint his successor. The Sunni argued that the Messenger of consensus to forward the appointment pemimpin.sementara Shiite Muslims argue that the Messenger of Allah in the smallest things like before and after eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., never die without the guidance and the guidance of his people let alone the problem of leadership race terahir . and also many hadiths in Sunni and Shia over who caliph after the death of the Messenger of Allah, and the number of Islamic leaders and twelve. Regardless of the controversy and the truth of an opinion of each of these, Ali himself formally declaring his loyalty (berbai'at) to the two caliphs Abu Bakr and afterwards (Umar ibn Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan). The Sunni describe this statement as a statement that Ali became enthusiastic and loyal supporters of Abu Bakr and Umar. While the Shiite illustrates that Ali did baiat the pro forma, since he berbaiat after after the death of his wife Fatimah the months and months and after that he showed himself from the protest by closing public life.
Umar bin Khattab
Become Caliph
During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (which ended the Sassanid empire) and take over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).
History records many great battle that became the beginning of this conquest. In the battle of Yarmuk, which took place near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman troops who reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in southern Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in small numbers to get the victory over Persian forces in greater numbers in the battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In that battle, namely the Islamic army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated Sassanid troops and managed to kill the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.
In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Omar is given a key to enter the city by the pastor Sophronius and invited to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose to worship elsewhere so as not to endanger the church. 55 years later, the Mosque of Omar founded the place he prayed.
Omar did a lot of administrative reform and control of the close of public policy, including building an administrative system for the newly conquered areas. He also ordered the convening of the census in the entire territory of Islam. Year 638, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.
Omar is known from simple lifestyle, rather than adopt the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained very simple life.
In about the year to 17 Hijri, the fourth year kekhalifahannya, Omar decreed that the Islamic calendar should begin to be calculated when the event moved.
Ali ibn Abi Talib
As caliph
Events of the murder of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan crunch resulted in the entire Islamic world that it was already stretched to Persia and North Africa. Rebels who was master of Medina has no choice but to Ali ibn Abi Talib as the caliph, Ali tried to deny that time, but bin Zubair bin Ubaidillah Talhah Awwam and forcing him, and eventually Ali received bai'at them. Making the sole Caliph Ali who dibai'at in bulk, because the previous caliphs chosen through different means.
As the 4th Caliph who ruled for about 5 years. His reign was inherited disorder that occurs when the government's previous Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. For the first time a civil war between Muslims occurred during his reign, Jamal War. Ali-led army of 20,000 men against 30,000 troops led Zubair bin Awwam, Talhah bin Ubaidillah, and Umm al mu'minin Aisha bint Abu Bakr, the Prophet's widow. The war was won by Ali.
Events Caliph Uthman ibn Affan killings which, according to various circles at that time not be completed because the slander is already widespread and has hinted (will happen) by the Prophet Muhammad when he was alive, and made worse by stirring up of dissidents who have since the time of Uthman bin Affan, causing divisions among the Muslims that led to war. Not only finished there, prolonged conflicts occur until the end of his reign. Shiffin a debilitating war kekhalifannya also started from the problem.
Ali ibn Abi Talib, a person who has a proficiency in the field of military and war strategy, had difficulty in the administration of the country because of the incredible mess left by the previous government. He died at the age of 63 years for murder by Abdrrahman bin Muljam, someone who comes from a class of Khawarij (dissidents) when mengimami morning prayer in the mosque of Kufa, on the 19th of Ramadan, and Ali's last breath on 21 Ramadan years 40 AH. Ali was buried secretly in Najaf, even some history stating that he was buried elsewhere.
Caliph Al-Rasyidin or Khulafa'ur Rasyidin is the first four caliphs in the Sunni Islamic tradition, as a substitute Muhammad, seen as a leader who receive guidance and exemplary. They were all close companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, and forwarding their leadership is not based on descent, something that later became characteristic of the Caliphate selanjutnya.Sistem election to each caliph is different, this happens because the companions of the Prophet Muhammad's assume that does not provide clear instructions about his successor, which was rejected by the Shiites. According to Shiites, Muhammad was clearly designate his successor was Ali ibn Abi Talib in accordance with the hadith of Ghadir Khum.
Khulafah Rasyidin
Progress Period of Islam (650-1000 AD) - the Khilafah Rasyidah
Rasyidah Khilafah is the leader of Muslims after the Prophet Muhammad's death, namely in the reign of Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib, Radhiallahu Ta'ala anhu ajma'in where the system of government that is applied is an Islamic government because berundang-legislated by the Qur'an and Sunnah.
Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam did not leave wills over who will replace him sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam as a political leader of Muslims after he sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam passed away. He sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam issue appears to surrender to the Muslims themselves to decide. That's why, shortly after he sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam passed away; not to mention his remains are buried, some immigrants and Ansar leaders gathered at the town hall Bani Sa'idah, Medina. They deliberate on who will be elected as a leader. Deliberation was going pretty tough because each party, both immigrants and the Ansar, both feel entitled to be a leader of Muslims. However, with high spirit ukhuwah Islamiyah, finally, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu elected. Apparently, the religious spirit of Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu got high appreciation from Muslims, so that each party receives and membaiatnya.Sebagai leader of Muslims after the Prophet, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu called Caliph Rasulillah (Substitute the Apostle of Allah), which in the subsequent development Just called the caliphate. Caliph is appointed leader after the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam died to replace him sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam resume duties as a religious leader and head of government.
Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu became caliph only two years. In 634 CE he died. Such a short period out to solve domestic problems, especially the challenges caused by the Arab tribes who do not submit again to the government of Medina after the death of Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam. They assume that the agreements made by the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, by itself canceled after the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wasallam passed away. They therefore opposed Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu. Because of stubbornness and opposition that could jeopardize their religion and government, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu resolve this issue with the so-called Riddah War (the war against apostasy). Khalid ibn Al-Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu was the commander of many instrumental in ini.Nampaknya Riddah War, the powers that run at the time of Caliph Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu, as at the time of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, is central: the legislative, executive and judiciary concentrated in the hands of the caliph. In addition to running the wheels of government, the Caliph also implement the law as stated in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Even so, as well as the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam, Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu always invite the friends of the bermusyawarah.Setelah finish the war in domestic affairs, then Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu send power out of Arabia. Khalid ibn Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu sent to Iraq and to control the area of al-Hirah in the year 634 AD To Syria sent an expedition under the leadership of four commanders, Abu Ubaidah Ibn Jarrah, Amr Ibn 'Ash, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Syurahbil Radhiallahu Ta'ala anhu ajma'in. Previously, troops led by Usamah ibn Zaid Radhiallahu 'anhu who were aged 18 years. To reinforce these soldiers, Khalid ibn Walid Radhiallahu 'anhu was ordered to leave Iraq, and through the desert that is rarely served, when he came to Abu Bakr Syria.Pada Radhiallahu' anhu passed away, while the front row of the Islamic forces are threatening the Palestinians, Iraq, and Hirah kingdom. He was replaced by "right hand" her, Umar ibn al-Faruq Khatthab Radhiallahu 'anhu. When Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu pain and felt his end was near, he consulted with the leaders of friends, then lift Umar ibn Khatthab Radhiallahu' anhu as his successor in order to prevent possible disputes and divisions among Muslims. Wisdom of Abu Bakr Radhiallahu 'anhu was accepted by the community which soon turned out to be rollicking allegiance Radhiallahu Umar' Abd-Allaah. Radhiallahu Umar 'Abd-Allaah Rasulillah called himself caliph (successor of the Prophet). He also introduced the term Amir al-Mu'minin (high-ranking people who believe). In an age Radhiallahu Umar 'Abd-Allaah wave expansion (expansion of regional power), first place; Syrian capital, Damascus, fell by 635 M and a year later, after defeated the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk, the whole region of Syria fell under Muslim rule. By using Syria as a base, continued expansion into Egypt under the leadership of 'Amr ibn' Ash Radhiallahu 'anhu and to Iraq under the command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqash Radhiallahu' anhu. Alexandria / Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, was conquered in 641 AD Thus, Egypt fell under Muslim rule. Al-Qadisiyah, a town near Hirah in Iraq, fell in the year 637 AD From there proceed to attack the capital of Persia, al-Madain who fell in that year. In the year 641 AD, Moshul can be mastered. Thus, during the leadership of Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu, the Islamic empire already includes the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, large parts of Persia, and Mesir.Karena rapid regional expansion, Umar Radhiallahu' anhu immediately regulate the state administration with the example of administrative has developed mainly in Persia. Arranged into eight administrative provinces region: Makkah, Madinah, Syria, Peninsula Basra, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. Some departments are deemed necessary to set up. In his time began regulated and disciplined system of salary payments and land tax. The court was established in order to separate the judiciary by the executive. To maintain security and order, the police department was formed. Similarly, the public works department. Umar also established the Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and a year hijiah.Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu ruled for ten years (13-23 H/634-644 M). His term ended with the death. He was killed by a Zoroastrian, the slave of the Persian named Abu Lu'lu'ah. To determine his successor, Umar Radhiallahu 'anhu did not take the road that made Abu Bakr Radhiallahu' anhu. He pointed to six friends and asked them to choose one of them became caliph. Six people were Usman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqash, Abdurrahman ibn 'Awf Radhiallahu ajma'in Ta'ala anhu. After Omar Radhiallahu 'anhu died, team deliberation and successfully appointed Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu as caliph, through a rather rigorous process by Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'Uthman's reign Radhiallahu anhu.Di Anhu (644-655 AD), Armenia, Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhodes, and the remaining part of Persia, Transoxania, and Tabaristan been won. The first Islamic expansion stopped at sini.Pemerintahan Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu lasted for 12 years, in the last half of the kekhalifahannya appear dissatisfied and disappointed feelings among the Muslims against him. Leadership Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu was very different from the leadership of Umar Radhiallahu' anhu. This is because of slander and incitement of Abdullah bin Saba 'Al-Yamani, a Jew who pretended to convert to Islam. Ibn Saba 'was fond of moving from one place to another to spread the slander to the new future of the Muslims who become Muslim. Finally, in years 35 H/1655 M, Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu was killed by the rebels that consists of people who successfully instigated by Abdullah bin Saba' was.
One of the factors that cause many people think of the leadership of Uthman berburuk Radhiallahu 'anhu is the discretion raise a family in a high position. The most important of which is to Marwan ibn Hakam Rahimahullah. He is basically regarded by these people who run the government, while Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu only the title of Caliph. After many family members who sit in important positions, Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu like a doll in front of her relatives were. He can not do much and too weak to his family. He also does not expressly subordinate to the error. State property, by relatives to be distributed without controlled by Usman Radhiallahu 'anhu own. It is all due to the slander sown by Abdullah bin Saba '. And Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu the most meritorious to build dams to keep the flow of large floods and regulate the distribution of water to cities. He also built roads, bridges, mosques and expand the mosque of the Prophet in Madinah.Setelah Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu died, rollicking community allegiance Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu' anhu as caliph. Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu reigned only six years old. During his reign, he faced many upheavals. There is no period at all in his administration that can be said to be stable. Having served the caliph, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu to disable the governors who are appointed by Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu. He believes that the revolts occurred because of their negligence. He also pulled back the land awarded Radhiallahu Uthman 'anhu to residents by handing over the results of its revenue to the state, and wearing an annual tax return system of distribution among the Islamic people as never applied Radhiallahu Umar' Abd-Allaah.
Not long after that, Ali ibn Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'anhu faced a revolt Talha, Zubair and Aisha. Their reasons, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu did not want to punish the killers of Uthman Radhiallahu' anhu, and they avenge the blood of Uthman Radhiallahu 'anhu that has been shed in zhalim. Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu really wanted to avoid war. He sent a letter to Talha and Zubair Radhiallahu 'anhu ajma'in for both of them want to negotiate to resolve this matter peacefully. But the invitation was rejected. Finally, a fierce battle was raging. This war is known as the War of Jamal (Camel), because Aisha Radhiallahu 'anha in the fighting on camels, and managed to beat his opponent. Zubair and Talha were killed, while Aisha Radhiallahu 'anha taken prisoner and sent back to Medina.
At the same time, policies Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu also resulted in the emergence of resistance from the governors in Damascus, Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu' anhu, who is supported by a number of former high officials who feel lost position and glory. Having succeeded in quelling the rebellion Zubair, Talha and Aisha, Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu moved from Kufa to Damascus with a large number of soldiers. His forces met with troops Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu in Shiffin. The fighting occurred here, known by the name of war shiffin. This war ended with tahkim (arbitration), but tahkim did not solve the problem, even causing the third group, al-Khawarij, people are out of line Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu. As a result, at the end of the reign of Ali bin Abi Talib Radhiallahu 'anhu Muslims split into three political forces, namely Mu'awiyah, Shiites (the followers of Abdullah bin Saba' al-jews) that infiltrate the line of soldiers Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu, and al-Khawarij (people who are out of line Ali). This situation is not favorable Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu. The emergence of al-Khawarij group led his army is getting weaker, while the position of Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu stronger. On 20 Ramadan 40 H (660 M), Ali Radhiallahu 'anhu was killed by a member of Abdullah bin Muljam Khawarij.
Position as caliph then occupied by his son al-Hasan bin Ali Radhiallahu 'anhuma for several months. However, because of al-Hasan Radhiallahu 'anhuma want peace and avoid bloodshed, then al-Hasan Radhiallahu' anhuma submit a derived Caliphate to Mu'awiyah Radhiallahu 'anhu. And finally surrender this power to unite the Muslims back in the political leadership, under Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan Radhiallahu 'anhu. On the other hand, it also causes Mu'awiyah handover Radhiallahu 'anhu became absolute ruler in Islam. Year 41 AH (661 AD), the year of unity, known in history as the year jama'ah ('am jama'ah)! Thus ended the period known as the Khulafa'ur Rasyidin, and began the Umayyad power in the political history of Islam.
When the vast Islamic empire. The expansion into countries that are very far from the center of power in no more than half a century, is a stunning victory of a nation that never before have sufficient political experience. The factors that lead to such rapid expansion include:
1. Islam, as well as a doctrine governing man's relationship with God, religion is also concerned about the formation of society.
2. In the chest the companions, a thick embedded beliefs about the obligations of Islamic teachings calling (da'wah) to the whole world. The missionary spirit that united to form a unity within the Muslim community.
3. Byzantium and Persia, two forces that control the Middle East at the time, began to enter a period of decline and weakness, either because of frequent wars between them and because of the problems in their own countries.
4. Conflicts of religion in the territory of the Byzantine flow resulting in a loss of religious freedom for the people. People are not happy because the party imposing royal dianutnya flow. They are also not happy because of higher taxes for the cost of the war against Persia.
5. Islam came to the areas he had entered with a sympathetic and tolerant attitude, do not force people to change their religion to Islam.
6. Sami peoples in Syria and Palestine and the Hami in Egypt saw the Arabs closer to them than the Europeans, the Byzantines, who ruled them.
7. Egypt, Syria and Iraq is a rich regions. Wealth is helping the Islamic rulers to finance expansion into more remote areas.
Starting from the period of Abu Bakr came to Ali Radhiallahu Exalted anhum ajma'in Rasyidah called Caliphate period. The khalifahnya called al-Khulafa 'al-Rasyidun, (caliphs who receive guidance.) Feature of this period is truly the caliphs of the Prophet according to the model. They were selected through a process of deliberation, that the term is now called democratic. After this period, the Islamic government in the form of the kingdom. Power passed from generation to generation. In addition, a caliph caliphate during Rasyidah, never act alone when countries are facing difficulties; They are always consulted with other dignitaries. While the authoritarian rulers often acted afterward. lillahi wa inna inna ilaihi raaji'uun.
Abu Bakr
Become Caliph
During the Prophet pain just before his death, said that Abu Bakr was appointed to be priests pray to replace, many consider this as an indication that Abu Bakr would take his place. Soon after his death (632), conducted consultation among the leaders of the Ansar and immigrants in Medina, which eventually resulted in the appointment of Abu Bakr as the new leader of the Muslims or the Islamic caliphate.
What happens when deliberation is a source of debate. The appointment of Abu Bakr as caliph is a very controversial subject and a source of the first schism in Islam, where Muslims are divided into Sunnis and Shiites. On one side of the Shiites believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib should (in-law of Prophet Muhammad) which becomes the leader and it is believed this is the decision of the Prophet Muhammad himself while the Sunni argued that the Prophet Muhammad refused to appoint his successor. The Sunni argued that the Messenger of consensus to forward the appointment pemimpin.sementara Shiite Muslims argue that the Messenger of Allah in the smallest things like before and after eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., never die without the guidance and the guidance of his people let alone the problem of leadership race terahir . and also many hadiths in Sunni and Shia over who caliph after the death of the Messenger of Allah, and the number of Islamic leaders and twelve. Regardless of the controversy and the truth of an opinion of each of these, Ali himself formally declaring his loyalty (berbai'at) to the two caliphs Abu Bakr and afterwards (Umar ibn Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan). The Sunni describe this statement as a statement that Ali became enthusiastic and loyal supporters of Abu Bakr and Umar. While the Shiite illustrates that Ali did baiat the pro forma, since he berbaiat after after the death of his wife Fatimah the months and months and after that he showed himself from the protest by closing public life.
Umar bin Khattab
Become Caliph
During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (which ended the Sassanid empire) and take over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).
History records many great battle that became the beginning of this conquest. In the battle of Yarmuk, which took place near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman troops who reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in southern Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in small numbers to get the victory over Persian forces in greater numbers in the battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In that battle, namely the Islamic army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated Sassanid troops and managed to kill the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.
In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Omar is given a key to enter the city by the pastor Sophronius and invited to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose to worship elsewhere so as not to endanger the church. 55 years later, the Mosque of Omar founded the place he prayed.
Omar did a lot of administrative reform and control of the close of public policy, including building an administrative system for the newly conquered areas. He also ordered the convening of the census in the entire territory of Islam. Year 638, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.
Omar is known from simple lifestyle, rather than adopt the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained very simple life.
In about the year to 17 Hijri, the fourth year kekhalifahannya, Omar decreed that the Islamic calendar should begin to be calculated when the event moved.
Ali ibn Abi Talib
As caliph
Events of the murder of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan crunch resulted in the entire Islamic world that it was already stretched to Persia and North Africa. Rebels who was master of Medina has no choice but to Ali ibn Abi Talib as the caliph, Ali tried to deny that time, but bin Zubair bin Ubaidillah Talhah Awwam and forcing him, and eventually Ali received bai'at them. Making the sole Caliph Ali who dibai'at in bulk, because the previous caliphs chosen through different means.
As the 4th Caliph who ruled for about 5 years. His reign was inherited disorder that occurs when the government's previous Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. For the first time a civil war between Muslims occurred during his reign, Jamal War. Ali-led army of 20,000 men against 30,000 troops led Zubair bin Awwam, Talhah bin Ubaidillah, and Umm al mu'minin Aisha bint Abu Bakr, the Prophet's widow. The war was won by Ali.
Events Caliph Uthman ibn Affan killings which, according to various circles at that time not be completed because the slander is already widespread and has hinted (will happen) by the Prophet Muhammad when he was alive, and made worse by stirring up of dissidents who have since the time of Uthman bin Affan, causing divisions among the Muslims that led to war. Not only finished there, prolonged conflicts occur until the end of his reign. Shiffin a debilitating war kekhalifannya also started from the problem.
Ali ibn Abi Talib, a person who has a proficiency in the field of military and war strategy, had difficulty in the administration of the country because of the incredible mess left by the previous government. He died at the age of 63 years for murder by Abdrrahman bin Muljam, someone who comes from a class of Khawarij (dissidents) when mengimami morning prayer in the mosque of Kufa, on the 19th of Ramadan, and Ali's last breath on 21 Ramadan years 40 AH. Ali was buried secretly in Najaf, even some history stating that he was buried elsewhere.
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